Northland Recreation Laboratory

Topic: CRS Version
Four National Social Recreation Institutes were held at Waldenwoods.  The last, in 1934, occurred during the worst of the Depression.  It was decided that, since many were traveling long distances, it was time to hold regional meetings. [1]

Two groups organized local workshops in 1935 that lasted more than a few years.  DeWitt Ellinwood and Ralph Kofoed held the first Leisurecraft and Counseling Camp in Illinois in 1935, with the assistance of David Lindstrom. [2]  The first two were Methodist ministers, who had attended Waldenwoods. [3]  Lindstrom was a rural sociologist for the University of Illinois Agricultural College.  Not much has been written about the training session, but in 1949 it attracted a hundred participants, [4] and still was active in 1987. [5]

The other was begun by Fred Smith, who was the campus minister for the Wesley Foundation in Minneapolis. [6]  Like Lynn Rohrbough, [7] he had been an undergraduate in the years when couples dancing was forbidden.  He entered Boston University the same year as Rohrbough and been involved with the Social Recreation Union. [8]

In planning the one at Camp Ihduhapi, Smith contacted Henry Lewis, who had attended Waldenwoods; William J. Bell, a recreational consultant for the area Presbyterian church, [9] and Horace Jones, a 4-H leader in South Dakota. [10]  He also asked Marietta Strandskov to teach folk dancing. [11]

Strandskov was from Tyler, Minnesota, where a Danish Folk School had been established in 1888 by followers of Frederick Grundtvig. [12]  He led a ritual-based revival within the Lutheran Church, and publicized early Danish culture, including Beowulf, [13]  The first leader was Hans Jorgen Pedersen, [14] who had founded the Danish folk school in Michigan mentioned in the post for 19 September 2021. [15]

The Danish group introduced handcrafts as well as dancing.  More important to Rohrbough was its interest in music.  Strandskov brought Chris Jespersen, who was compiling a song collection for the Danish American Young People’s League. [16]

Rohrbough did not attend the first meeting, [17] but did the one in 1936 [18] when the name was changed to Northland Recreation Laboratory. [19]  He met Jespersen, [20] who allowed him to use “Han Skal Leve” in his Joyful Singing collection. [21]

He also met Jane Keen, who had been recruited by Jones.  Northland Rec wanted everyone who attended to contribute something.  At the first meeting:

“E. O. Harbin [22] was teaching many new folk songs, which everybody wanted included in the notebook.  Chris Jespersen wrote down the melodies and Jane Keen began laboriously making very artistic mimeograph stencils with words and music.” [23]

Rohrbough hired her on a piece-work basis to produce plates for him.  This allowed him to published collections of circle dances that were accompanied by singing.  He published Singing Games of the South in 1938, [24] and two more in 1939. [25]  Her services also made it possible for him to publish his first song Kit in 1938, the Joyful Singing mentioned above and in the post for 19 September 2021.

While Rohrbough made some useful contacts at Northland, Smith recalled that his contribution was negative.  Even though the Lab already had “adopted the philosophy which he expounded and were using materials from his company,” Rohrbough “was critical of much material being used . . . throughout the country.” [26]

By then, Rohrbough had begun another, rival National Cooperative Recreation School in 1936 with his business partner, Carl Hutchinson. [27]  Even so, he used his Northland contacts to hold the second session at Grand View College, [28] the sponsor of Jespersen’s Danish song project.

Recreation leadership workshops had become, if not big business, a competitive business.  The National Recreation Association held a National Recreation School in New York through 1935, [29] and replaced it with one-month institutes that trained 3,800 in 1936. [30]  Augustus Zanzig led meetings in New York and Burlington, Vermont. [31]

Zanzig did not come cheap.  Northland had to pay $15, and recouped some of its costs by booking him elsewhere.  Bob Nolte recalled:

“he was a masterful leader.  He stood up as he played the piano and walked away fro it and back to it as he led.  He seemed to have a store house of new songs. [. . .]  He taught us how to teach and he developed and tested his ideas and theories as he worked with us – a real recreation laboratory.” [32]

One reason he knew so many songs is that he actively was collecting them.  In 1940, the National Recreation Association published Singing America. [33]  With war already raging in Europe, Zanzig could not use the German material he had used with the Concord collections described in the post for 5 September 2021.  He replaced it with music from the United States that was being popularized by Carl Sandburg and John Lomax: songs from cowboys, sailors, and Appalachia. [34]  He added some Stephen Foster lyrics and a few Negro spirituals.  This, combined with the large number of tunes from the United Kingdom, represented 58% of the anthology.

In a major break from other collections, the third largest group, 17%, came from Latin America.  He did not abandon Germany, but most of the nine songs were by well-known composers in the “Hymns and Chorales” section. [35]  The remaining 21% were from Europe, with a preference for France and Bohemia.

Graphics
1.  Alice Olenin and Thomas F. Corcoran.  Hours and Earnings in the United States, 1932-40.  Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1942.  Chart 3, “Blast Furnaces and Automobiles.”

2.  A photograph of Rohrbough and his wife, Katherine Ferris Rohrbough, appears of the Photos K tab.  His photograph also appears in the posts for 12 September 2021 and 19 September 2021.

End Notes
1.  Larry Nial Holcomb.  “A History of the Cooperative Recreation Service.”  PhD dissertation.  University of Michigan, 1972.  44–45.

2.  E. H. Reginer.  “The Recreation Workshop.”  Extension Service Review 12–13:January 1949.

3.  “Rev. Ellinwood, Wife To Observe 40th Anniversary.”  The Dispatch, Moline, Illinois, 2 September 1960.  10.

“Rev. Ralph K. Kofoed.”  Los Angeles Times, 21 March 2004.

4.  Reginer.

5.  “Recreation Labs/Workshops.”  41 in Folklore Village Christmas Festival, Program, 27–31 December 1987, Mount Horeb, Wisconsin.

6.  Fred Smith.  Quoted by Bob Nolte.  Northland Recreation Lab: A History.  1984.  4.  Copy provided by Heidi Ryan, 21 June 2016.

7.  Rohrbough spent his senior year at Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio.  In 1924, the Methodist church lifted its ban on amusement and dancing was allowed on campus. [36]  For more on the church’s attitude toward dancing, see the post for 2 November 2018.

8.  Smith.  3–4.  The SRU is discussed in the post for 12 September 2021.
9.  Nolte.  4.
10.  Nolte.  7.
11.  Nolte.  15.

12.  “Danebod.”  National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form.  30 June 1975.

13.  Wikipedia.  “N. F. S. Grundtvig.”  Grundtvig translated Beowulf, an epic set in sixth century Denmark. [37]

14.  Wikipedia.  “Danebod.”
15.  Pederson is mentioned in note 6 for the post for 19 September 2021.

16.  Nolte.  15.  The collection was: Danish American Young People’s League.  A World of Song.  Des Moines, Iowa: Grand View College; printed by Blair, Nebraska: Lutheran Publishing House, 1941.  Ten booklets in a three-ring binder.  Jespersen is mentioned briefly in the post for 19 September 2021.

17.  Nolte.  14.

18.  Holcomb.  109.  This is deduced from his statement that Rohrbough began working with Keen in 1936.

19.  Holcomb.  86.  The Lab continued to be held at Ihduhapi, which was owned by the Minneapolis YMCA. [38]

20.  Nolte, 14, and Holcomb, 86.

21.  Joyful Singing.  In Handy II.  Delaware, Ohio: Cooperative Recreation Service, 1938.  This is discussed in the post for 19 September 2021.  In return, Jespersen used 10 of the 22 songs in Joyful Singing in the Danish collection. [39]

22.  Harbin was with the Methodist Episcopal Church South.  He is mentioned in the posts for 9 February 2020 and 12 September 20201.  He continued to attend Northland Rec until he was too frail to travel. [40]

23.  Nolte.  13.

24.  Holcomb.  90.  WorldCat has a copyrighted version from 1939. [41]

25.  Lynn Rohrbough.  American Folk Dances.  Delaware, Ohio: Cooperative Recreation Service, 1939.  [WorldCat entry.]

Lynn Rohrbough.  Square Dances of the Great Smoky Mountains.  Delaware, Ohio: Cooperative Recreation Service, 1939.  [WorldCat entry.]

26.  Fred Smith.  Letter to Larry Nial Holcomb, 12 February 1972.  Quoted by Holcomb.  86.  Ellipsis in Holcomb.

27.  Holcomb.  82.  His source was Consumers’ Cooperation 23:125:August 1936.  Hutchinson is mentioned in the posts for 19 September 2021, 3 October 2021, and 10 October 2021.  The cooperative organization lasted a year, before it failed from the difficulties of maintaining an far-flung organization. [42]

28.  Holcomb.  83.  His source was Consumers’ Cooperation 23:124:August 1937.

29.  Richard F. Knapp and Charles E. Hartsoe.  Play for America: The National Recreation Association 1906–1965.  Arlington, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association, 1979.  ix.

30.  Knapp.  120.

31.  Item.  The Burlington Free Press, Burlington, Vermont, 9 July 1936.  Posted by charlsbillings on 30 January 2018.

32. Nolte.  19.  See the photograph of Zanzig taken at Northland in the post for 5 September 2021.

33.  Augustus D. Zanzig.  Singing America.  Boston: C. C. Birchard and Company, 1940.

34.  The post for 12 May 2019 has more on the repertoire of American folk songs promoted by Sandburg and Lomax.

35.  This probably was the influence of Archibald Thompson Davison, mentioned in note 43 of the post for 5 September 2021.  Davison believed people would sing classical music if they were exposed to it in familiar contexts like text books and glee clubs. [43]

36.  Le Bejou, Ohio Wesleyan yearbook, 1924.  111.
37.  Wikipedia.  “Beowulf.”

38.  “Camp Ihduhapi.”  University of Minnesota, Elmer L. Andersen Library Archives and Special Collections.

39.  Danish American Young People’s League.  Volume VI.  Songs and Folk Songs from Many Lands.

40.  Nolte.  11.

41.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Southern Singing Games.  Delaware, Ohio: Cooperative Recreation Service, 1939.  [WorldCat entry.]

42.  Holcomb.  66.

43.  William A. Weber.  “Archibald T. Davison: Faith in Good Music.”  The Crimson, Harvard University, 17 February 1961.

Waldenwoods Recreation Institutes

Topic: CRS Version
Lynn Rohrbough may have come from a strict Methodist family, but as a young man he was open to new experiences.  You can see the differences in his self-presentation in photographs taken when he was a college senior, reproduced in the post for 12 September 2021, and the one above.

He finally completed his degree at Boston University in 1928, [1] and no longer needed to take transferable credits at Chicago’s Garrett Biblical Institute.  He and his wife, the former Katherine Ferris, were free to live as they wished.  She recalled:

“After four years in Chicago, we decided that it was not the place for two county-bred people or for their two small daughters and set out to find a small town location.  We hit upon Delaware, Ohio, whose Ohio Wesleyan University Lynn had attended as an undergraduate.” [2]

When they first arrived in Delaware in June of 1929, they rented a place in town. [3]  Lynn scheduled his next recreation workshop that year in a city park in Wheeling, West Virginia. [4]  It did not attract enough people to support the usual lecture-discussion program of an institute.  In the face of potential failure, Rohrbough returned to the early sessions of the Social-Recreation Union in Boston.

“Instead of talking about recreation, they decided to demonstrate.  They danced and sang, and it was so much fun they decided to meet the next year at Geneva, Wisconsin.” [5]

Thus, was born the participatory recreation institute.  The Wisconsin one was such a success that the attendees elected a committee to plan future sessions.  Among the members were Chester Graham of the Ashland Folk School in Newago County, Michigan; [6] a representative of the Methodist Episcopal church; [7] two people from city recreation departments, [8] and two from state agricultural extension offices, including Bruce Tom. [9]

It was at this May event that the Rohrboughs discovered folk dancing.  “The most popular activity” was “an English folk dance called ‘Set Running,” taught by Dillard Turner of Yeaddiss, Kentucky.” [10]

Running community dances became their livelihood in the Depression.  The Rohrboughs had been able to get a mortgage on an eighty-acre farm outside Delaware in July of 1930, [11] but their income dropped dramatically.  In 1929, 10,000 individuals subscribed to their Kit recreation service.  With bad times, the membership dropped to a few hundred. [12]

Governments at all levels had become concerned with the welfare of the unemployed, and turned to recreation programs to counter despair.  Roosevelt’s Federal Emergency Relief Administration built recreation facilities. [13]  Augustus Zanzig [14] left the Concord School in 1929 to begin a survey of musical activities in the United States for the Playground and Recreation Association of America.  After it was published in 1932, [15] the renamed National Recreation Association [16] hired him to run recreation workshops throughout the country. [17]

Rohrbough traveled from Ohio down to Texas and out to California during the 1933–1934 winter where he often gave two or three demonstrations a day.  At each stop, he set up displays to sell his publications. [18]  Rohrbough remembered:

“One time we drove from Toronto to San Diego and gave a party at some church or hall nearly every night.  The pay wasn’t so good but we usually had enough to eat, and we collected the most marvelous songs and games.  We took the music and the words down where we found them and later put them into print.” [19]

The 1931 recreation institute was held at Waldenwoods, about fifty miles west of Detroit in Livingston County, Michigan. [20]  This was the first meeting to include European folk songs.  One attendee recalled:

“I think the most practical contribution I received from the Recreation Institute--and one of the richest experiences as well--was the introduction to and increased appreciation of Folk Songs under Mrs. Ramsey’s leadership.  I expect to use some of these songs and make more use of Negro Spirituals.” [21]

Waldenwoods was owned by John Robert Crouse [22] and leased to the Michigan Council on Religious Education. [23]  Crouse made his money from the development of electric power, but became a champion of cooperation over competition.  He first developed Waldenwoods as a conference center, then turned it into a cooperative camp. [24]

Rural marketing cooperatives were being encouraged by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, [25] and this may have been Rohrbough’s first encounter with the movement.  In 1934, he and Carl Hutchinson founded the Recreation Co-operative “to furnish leisure materials and services on a non-profit basis.” [26]  Hutchinson was active in the Ohio Farm Bureau, [27] which was one of the most successful of the farm cooperatives. [28]

The Rohrboughs’ publishing business evolved during this period.  They may have learned more about copyrights when Katherine wrote a book on stunts for a national publisher in 1929. [29]  In 1931, they collaborated on Games We Like Best for another national publisher. [30]  They continued to update Handy, and the 1931 revision is the first to carry a copyright notice in WorldCat. [31]

While they continued to focus on social games, the Rohrboughs [32] issued their first collection of Quadrilles in 1931. [33]  The next year, they published a collection of Play Party Games. [34] After that, they concentrated on games.

Larry Holcomb says Rohrbough continued to reprint parodies like those published by E. O. Harbin [35] until 1932. [36]  He included some folk songs in the Kits, but took most of them from existing collections. [37]  This, of course, was another opportunity for him to learn the intricacies of copyright law.

The Rohrboughs’ taste was being expanded by the people they met.  A 1938 issue of Kit contained twenty-two songs. [38]  One third are from the same area in Europe [39] as the one taught by Ramsey.  Most are from a collection by a Czech Presbyterian pastor in New York, [40] but one is from a Concord School collection. [41]

Another third of the songs in Joyful Singing is from England.  A couple are from a semi-religious collection produced by Walford Davies, [42] who worked for the British Broadcasting Company. [43]  One was from the Concord group, [44] and another was collected by Cecil Sharp. [45]  I was not able to identify the source for the others. [46]

He learned many of the remaining eight from people he met at workshops.  The Social-Recreation Union copyrighted one Danish song, [47] but a woman Rohrbough met in Minnesota provided the other. [48]  Three were from Kentucky, [49] while a Swedish song was from Mrs. Albert Magnuson. [50]  The others were from a Concord collection [51] or unidentifiable. [52]

Rohrbough was not influenced by the community song tradition of World War I or by professional folklorists or by popular music.  Joyful Singing has none of the national songs from England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland or ones by Stephen Foster that filled collections by Peter Dykema. [53]  None of the cowboy songs collected by John Lomax appear, [54] nor do any Negro spirituals like those recorded by Victor. [55]

Graphics
1.  Lynn Rohrbough, as young man.  Photograph used by permission of Michael A. Joyner.

2.  A photograph of Rohrbough and his wife, Katherine Ferris Rohrbough, appears of the Photos K tab.  His photograph also appears in the post for 12 September 2021.

End Notes
For more on Lynn Rohrbough see the "Topics and Artists" column at the right.

1.  Larry Nial Holcomb.  “A History of the Cooperative Recreation Service.”  PhD dissertation.  University of Michigan, 1972.  26.

2.  Katherine Ferris Rohrbough.  “Good Times as a Career.”  Wellesley Alumnae Magazine, January 1956.  84.  Quoted by Holcomb.  61.  They had a third daughter in 1930.

3.  Holcomb.  61.
4.  Holcomb.  37.

5.  Fred Smith.  Quoted by Bob Nolte.  Northland Recreation Lab: A History.  1984.  4.   Copy provided by Heidi Ryan, 21 June 2016.  Smith remembered the institute occurred in 1928; Holcomb said it was 1929.

6.  Hans Jorgen Pedersen organized the Ashland Folk School in 1882 [56] for Danish immigrant lumbermen [57] who were supplying the furniture factories in Grand Rapids, Michigan. [58]  It used the ideas of Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig. [59]  Pedersen left in 1888. [60]  The school was revived in 1928 and lasted until 1934. [61] It then moved and is now the Buttermilk Jamboree Folk School. [62]

7.  Owen Greer, Institute and Life Work Secretary.

8.  Chester Bower worked for the Chicago Department of Young People’s Work.  Viola Armstrong was with the Detroit Department of Recreation.

9.  Holcomb.  40.  The other was Zelma Monroe of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  Tom is discussed in the posts for 12 September 2021, 3 October 2021, 10 October 201, and 17 October 2021.

10.  Holcomb.  39–40.
11.  Holcomb.  61.
12.  Holcomb.  32.

13.  Richard F. Knapp and Charles E. Hartsoe.  Play for America: The National Recreation Association 1906–1965.  Arlington, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association, 1979.  113–115.

14.  Zanzig is discussed in the posts for 5 September 2021, 26 September 2021, and 3 October 2021.

15.  Augustus Delafield Zanzig.  Music in American Life.  London: Oxford University Press, 1932.

16.  A brief history of the National Recreation Association appears in the post for 5 September 2021.

17.  Knapp.  96.
18.  Holcomb.  70.

19.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Quoted by “Who We Were ~ Cooperative Recreation Service.”  World Around Songs website.

20.  Holcomb.  40.

21.  Helen E. Mummery.  “Same Aims as Religious Education.”  Kit 26:11:1931.  Quoted by Holcomb.  41.  The impact of Martha Ramsey is mentioned in the post for 9 February 2020.

22.  “About Us.”  Waldenwoods Banquet and Conference Center website.

23.  Item.  Federal Council Bulletin, September 1930.  22.  The council was an interdenominational group created in 1922 from the merger of several Sunday school associations.  It became part of the National Council of Churches in 1950. [63]

24. “724.  Crouse, John Robert.”  In Thomas Edgerton Powers and William H. McNitt.  Guide to Manuscripts in the Bentley Historical Library.  Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1976.  55.

25.  In 1913, the Department of Agriculture established the Office of Markets, which began studying “cooperative marketing and purchasing.”  The first cooperative grain elevators followed in 1915. [64]

26.  Holcomb.  65.  His source was a company flyer.
27.  Holcomb.  65.

28.  The Farm Bureau was founded in 1919 to create a group powerful enough to counter the railroads and other business interests who were dictating prices.  In the early years, it worked to lower the costs of seed and equipment. [65]

29.  Katherine Rohrbough.  Successful Stunts.  Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1929.  [WorldCat entry.]  One contributor, Nancy Beach, may have been a relative.  Katherine’s mother was born Nancy Beach. [66]

30.  Lynn Rohrbough and Katherine Rohrbough.  Games We Like Best.  New York: Harper, 1931.  [WorldCat entry.]

31.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Handy II, The Red Book.  Delaware, Ohio: Church Recreation Service, 1931.  [WorldCat entry.]

32.  After 1931, the entries in WorldCat only have his name.  I am assuming they wrote them together, or that he drafted them and she edited them for publication.

33.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Quadrilles.  Delaware, Ohio: Cooperative Recreation Service, 1931.  [WorldCat entry.]  The publisher’s name may be an anachronism, or it may be a later reprint that kept the original publication date.

34.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Play Party Games.  Delaware, Ohio: Church Recreation Service, 1932.  [WorldCat entry.]

35.  E. O. Harbin.  Paradology, Songs of Fun and Fellowship.  Nashville: Cokesbury Press, 1927.  This is discussed in the post for 9 February 2020.

36.  Holcomb.  59.
37.  Holcomb.  60.

38.  Joyful Singing.  1–24 in Handy II.  Delaware, Ohio: Cooperative Recreation Service, 1938. [67]  Rohrbough reused the title Joyful Singing for a generic collection that customers could modify, so there is no such thing as a definitive version of the anthology.

39.  Ramsey used the term Czech.  Before World War I, the area was known as Bohemia, and afterward was called Czechoslovakia.  Today it includes the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. [68]

40.  “Goodnight Beloved,” “Happy Meeting,” “My Homeland,” and “Timid Maiden” were published by Vincent Pisek. [69]  He was a Czech immigrant who headed the Jan Hus Bohemian Presbyterian Church in New York City.  While he died before Rohrbough could have met him, he had visited Czech communities in the Midwest. [70]  “Goodnight” and “Homeland” were recorded by Victor in 1914. [71]

41.  “Annie, the Miller’s Daughter.”  33–34 in Archibald T. Davison, Thomas Whitney Surette, and Augustus D. Zanzig.  Concord Junior Song and Chorus Book.  Boston: E. C. Schirmer Music Company, 1927.  It is identified as “Slovakian.”

42.  Walford Davies.  The New Fellowship Song Book.  London: Novello, 1931.  It is the credited source for “Green Grow the Rushes.”  It also contains “John Peel.”

43.  Wikipedia.  “Walford Davies.”

44.  “The Keeper.” [72]

45.  “O No, John!”  Cecil J. Sharp.  Folk-Songs from Somerset: Fourth Series.  London: Simpkin and Company, 1911.  It was reprinted by both Davies [73] and the Concord group. [74]

46.  ““Mow the Hay” and Pretty Maid Come Along.”  “Hunting Song” is a round.

47.  “Men of the Soil.”

48.  “Han Skal Leve.” The collection and Chris Jespersen is discussed in the post for 26 September 2021.

49.  “Blackest Crow,” “Down in the Valley,” and “Sister Sally.”
50.  “The Happy Plowman.”

51.  “My Banjo.”  189–190 in Archibald T. Davison, Thomas Whitney Surette, and Augustus D. Zanzig.  A Book of Songs for Unison and Part Singing for Grades IV, V and VI.  Boston: E. C. Schirmer Music Company, 1922.  It is identified as “Italian.” 

52.  “Nightingale.”

53.  Dykema and the community song tradition are discussed in the post for 28 April 201.  He is mentioned again in the post for 5 September 2021.

54.  For more on John Lomax and cowboys songs, see the post for 12 May 2019.
55.  See the post for 8 August 2021 for a discussion of spirituals recorded by Victor.

56.  Thorvald Hansen.  “Disaster in Tyler.”  Bridge 11(2):1988.  Reprinted as “Great Danish American Birthday - Hans Jorgen Pedersen.”  National Foundation for Danish America website.

57.  Holcomb 51.
58.  Wikipedia.  “Grant, Michigan.

59.  Harold W. Stubblefield.  “The Danish Folk High School and Its Reception in the United States: 1870s-1930s.”  Roghiemstra website.

60.  Hansen.
61.  Stubblefield.
62  “The Buttermilk Jamboree Folk School.”  Its website.

63.  “Guide to the International Council of Religious Education Records.”  Presbyterian Historical Society website.

64.  Martin A. Abrahamsen.  “Policy Developments.”  207–224 in Agricultural Cooperation.  Edited by Martin Abraham Abrahamsen and Claude L. Scroggs.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957.  209.

65.  Wikipedia.  “American Farm Bureau Federation.”

66.  “James 5.”  5.1.2.6.4.3.6.2 on Karsen Sheppard Studios website, April 2008.  This is part of a larger genealogy of the descendants of Jeffrey Ferris.

67.  Holcomb.  59.  He listed the contents of the collection with the associated country.
68.  Wikipedia.  “Bohemia.”

69.  Vincent Pisek.  Twenty-Two Bohemian Folk-Songs.  1922.

70.  Vincent Trinka.  “Vincent Pisek.”  Find a Grave website, 15 July 2013.  Pisek died in 1930.

71.  Ema Destinnová and Dinh Gilly.  “Good-night.”  Victor C-14755.  23 April 1914.

Ema Destinnová and Dinh Gilly.  “My homeland.”  Victor B-14756.  23 April 1914.

72.  Text in Concord Junior.  Rohrbough credits Folk-Songs and Ballads for School, Home and Camp.  Boston: E. C. Schirmer, 1932.  Schirmer was the Concord’s publisher.

73.  122–124 in Davies.
74.  97–98 in A Book of Songs.
 

Lynn Rohrbough’s First Recreation Institutes

 

 

Topic: CRS Version
Lynn Rohrbough began holding recreation institutes in 1926. [1]  While they were similar to the commercial ventures mentioned in the post for 5 September 2021, they also were deeply steeped in Methodist tradition.

Elmore Lynch Rohrbough was born in 1900 in Aspen Colorado [2] to parents who were such strict Methodists that he did not sing until high school.  In 1913, his father moved the family back to West Virginia, [3] where Rohrboughs had been living since the 1760s. [4]

The Buckhannon high school elected him president of the local Epworth League where he devised contests to attract new members.  Then, he entered the local Methodist college, where his willingness to lead first manifested itself.  He remembered he “made a baton from a broom and with it became the drum major for the West Virginia Wesleyan band.”  He was sent to the summer Epworth League institute. [5]

The Epworth League had been organized in 1889 by Methodist church leaders who merged a number of existing groups. [6]  They wanted a single youth program capable of competing with the YMCA and Christian Endeavor. [7]  The organization began holding national conventions, then turned to smaller institutes dedicated to studying specific topics.

Its first institute was held in Delaware, Ohio, in 1901, [8] then the idea was taken up by the Pittsburgh district. [9]  After a demonstration program in Des Plaines, Illinois, in 1906, [10] more districts held them.  By 1914, the League’s Central Office wanted an “Institute within reach of every Epworthian every summer.” [11]

While the avowed purpose of the institutes was earnest, recreation was part of the programs since the one in Des Plaines rented a farmer’s field for volleyball. [12]  Pittsburgh used the Valley Camp the same year. [13]

Rohrbough was so successful in attracting members to the Epworth League that the Pittsburgh conference hired him as a field secretary in 1920. [14]  One woman recalled “his first interest was games of all sorts, suitable for all church gatherings, and he had the ability and personality to put them across and keep young people interested.” [15]

After spending a year working for the Epworth League, Rohrbough transferred to Ohio Wesleyan in Delaware, Ohio, to complete his undergraduate work. [16]  His next job was with the Greensburg, Pennsylvania, YMCA, twenty miles from Pittsburgh. [17]  Since the Y emphasized physical activities, he used local churches to promote social recreation. [18]

A year later, Rohrbough had saved enough money to enter the Methodist theology school at Boston University, and enough of a résumé to be given a job as recreation instructor. [19]  There, for the first time, he was around other people his age who needed ideas for church programs that did not include couples dancing together. [20]

He began holding meetings on Fridays for people to swap ideas. [21]  His roommate remembered most of them “had part-time jobs as recreation leaders with nearby church youth groups.” [22]  That led to mimeographed collections, and then, in 1924, printed units he called Handy.  The sheets could be inserted into pocket-sized, four-ring binders. [23]  Most were devoted to games, but section “S” was “Musical Recreation.” [24]

As the group expanded, it called itself the Social-Recreation Union.  While Rohrbough initiated the activities, he let others run the organization.  Emma Brox was responsible for music.  Harold Case handled indoor activities. [25]  Larry Holcomb noted:

“By delegating authority, he was able to run the organization from the sidelines, as it were without doing all the work or claiming credit for it.  Simultaneously, he was able to provide leadership training opportunities for others”

who would become local church leaders. [26]

In 1925, Rohrbough married the group’s secretary, [27] Katherine Ferris, and they moved to Chicago where he worked for the Bethany Girls Center.  His class credits at the Garrett Biblical Institute were accepted by BU. [28]

They continued the work of the Social-Recreation Union together, and in 1926 began using the name Church Recreation Service. [29]  They charged a dollar fee for members to receive all their publications.  Katherine recalled “the little book was making our living.” [30]

Like good business people, they used some of the funds to promote their work with their first Recreation Institute in the Bethany center. [31]  The purpose was an exchange of ideas by individuals active in recreation.  For their second Bethany conference in 1927, they were able to attract some of the more important people in the field. [32]  Peter Dykema, who was then at Teacher’s College, Columbia, had published Twice 55 Games in 1924. [33]  E. O Harbin had published a collection of games for the Methodist Church South in 1923, [34] and was just releasing a collection of song parodies. [35]

Among the less famous was his former classmate, Harold Case.  He had returned to Kansas where he published A Year of Special Parties for Young People in 1926. [35]  Another was Bruce Tom of the Ohio State Extension Office.  He apparently did not have a book to promote. [37]

Graphics
1.  Lynn Rohrbough during his senior year at Ohio Wesleyan University, 1922.  Copy courtesy of Emily Gattozzi and Eugene Rutigliano, archivists at Ohio Wesleyan University in 2013 and 2020.

2.  A photograph of Rohrbough and his wife, Katherine Ferris Rohrbough, appears of the Photos K tab and the post for 19 September 2021. 

End Notes
For more on Lynn Rohrbough see the "Topics and Artists" column at the right.

1.  Larry Nial Holcomb.  "A History of the Cooperative Recreation Service."  PhD dissertation.  University of Michigan, 1972.  36.

2.  Holcomb.  13.

3.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Letter to Larry Nial Holcomb, 17 February 1972.  Cited by Holcomb.  14.  Some of this information appears in the post for 9 February 2020.

4.  Lewis Bunker Rohrbaugh.  Rohrbach Genealogy.  Philadelphia: Dando-Schaff Printing, 1970.  333.

5. Lynn Rohrbough.  Cited by Holcomb.  15.

6.  Paul Hutchinson.  The Story of the Epworth League.  New York: The Methodist Book Concern, 1927.  28–30.  The Epworth League is mentioned briefly in the post for 9 February 2020.

7.  Christian Endeavor was the first nondenominational Protestant youth club.  Mark Senter describes it as a catalyst for the formation of denominational groups. [38]  It is mentioned briefly in the post for 14 February 2021.

8.  Hutchinson.  71.
9.  Hutchinson.  97.
10.  Hutchinson.  98.

11.  Dan B. Brummitt.  The Efficient Epworthian.  Cincinnati, Ohio: The Methodist Book Concern, 1914.  415.

12.  Hutchinson.  98.

13.  Hutchinson.  100.  The growth of institutes in Indiana is discussed in the post for 30 May 2021 on Epworth Forest.

14.  Hutchinson.  15.

15.  Mrs. Paul Randall.  Letter to Larry Nial Holcomb, 7 March 1972.  Quoted by Holcomb.  15.

16.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Quoted by Holcomb.  15–16.
17.  Holcomb.  17.
18.  Lynn Rohrbough.  Cited by Holcomb.  18.
19.  Holcomb.  17.

20.  The Methodist attitude toward dance and play parties is discussed in the post for 2 November 2018, along with an example of a play party.

21.  Holcomb.  20.

22.  W. Arthur Milne, Sr.  Interviewed by Larry Nial Holcomb, 19 November 1971.  Quotation from Holcomb.  21.

23.  Holcomb.  22.  The Roman Catholic Church adopted a similar format in 1970 when changes in the liturgy created a similar kind of demand for new materials.  See the post for 16 August 2020.

24.  Holcomb.  22.
25.  Holcomb.  24.

25.  Holcomb.  23.  Emma Atlee probably was typical of the group.  She had taught in the public schools of Tyrone, Pennsylvania, before going to Boston.  In 1924, she married Daniel Dewey Brox, who was a preacher in Fall River, Massachusetts. [39]

26.  Holcomb.  23.
27.  Holcomb.  24.

28.  Holcomb.  26.  Carrie Stewart Besserer organized the Bethany Girls in 1914 to serve the needs of young women who moved from farms to cities for work.  It attracted the sponsorship of the Presbyterian Church. [40]  The group ran a camp at Winona Lake, Indiana. [41]  In Chicago, it owned a building that provided lodging for fifty. [42]  Holcomb says Rohrbough was director of recreation, and “helped with training programs and parties.”

29.  Holcomb.  26.

30.  Katherine Ferris Rohrbough.  “Good Times as a Career.”  Wellesley Alumnae Magazine, January 1956.  83.  Quoted by Holcomb.  33.

31.  Holcomb.  36.
32.  Holcomb.  37.

33.  Peter W. Dykema.  Twice 55 Games with Music. The Red Book.  Boston: C. C. Birchard and Company, 1924.  He is discussed in the post for 30 August 2018, and is mentioned briefly in the post for 5 September 2021.

34.  E. O. Harbin.  Phunology: A Collection of Tried and Proved Plans for Play, Fellowship, and Profit.  Nashville, Tennessee: Cokesbury Press, 1923.  Elvin Oscar Harbin is discussed in the posts for 9 February 2020, 26 September 2021, and 3 October 2021.

35.  E. O. Harbin.  Paradology, Songs of Fun and Fellowship.  Nashville, Tennessee: Cokesbury Press, 1927.

36.  Harold C. Case.  A Year of Special Parties for Young People.  Wichita, Kansas: Wichita Eagle Press, 1926.  He later became president of Boston University. [43]

37.  Bruce is discussed in the posts for 18 September 2021, 3 October 2021, 10 October 2021, and 17 October 2021.

38.  Mark Houston Senter III.  “The Youth for Christ Movement as an Educational Agency and Its Impact upon Protestant Churches, 1931-1979.”  PhD dissertation.  Loyola University of Chicago, March 1989.  General impact on other church youth programs, 81–84; on Epworth League, 83.

39.  “Miss Emma Atlee Now the Bride of [Rev] Brox.”  Tyrone Daily Herald, Tyrone, Pennsylvania, 20 August 1924.  1.  Digital conversion has “RF.”

40.  “Bethany Girls.”  Vintage Kids Stuff website.

41.  Kaitlin Gruenwald.  “Winona Lake Parks Department Internship.”  Weebly website.  Winona Lake is mentioned in the post for 17 January 2021.

42.  “Overseers of the Poor & Outcast.”  Lake View Historical Chronicles website, 10 June 2011.

43.  “Dr. Harold C. Case, 69, Former President of BU.”  The Boston Globe, 21 February 1972.  30.  Posted by jptravis on 14 January 2020.

Augustus Delafield Zanzig

 Topic: CRS Version
John Blocher learned “Kumbaya” from Kathryn Thompson Good when they were preparing a songbook for the Indianola camp in Columbus, Ohio. [1]  Her family told him she probably heard it at a Buckeye Recreation Workshop. [2]

The Buckeye workshop was an annual meeting that lasted a week, and, in the early 1950s, met in Urbana, Ohio. [3]  Its roots go back to the early days of teacher education, before states established normal schools.  The Land Ordinance of 1785 had decreed one section of every township in the Northwest Territory should be used to finance public schools. [4]  The appearance of those buildings came with settlement.

In Ohio, many early teachers were men who could not otherwise support themselves. [5]  At first, they merely were expected to be of good character.  Eventually, parents demanded more.  In 1825 the legislature added the stipulation that teachers demonstrate some knowledge of “reading, writing, and arithmetic.” [6]

The colleges then in existence primarily were interested in educating ministers.  Those individuals, who had some educations, ran private schools in communities large enough to support them.  For instance, a private boarding school opened in Aurora, New York, in 1800.  By the time Salem Town became principal of Cayuga Academy in 1829, he had a master’s degree from Middlebury College. [7]

Teachers themselves provided the solution with short institutes. [8]  Henry Barnard introduced the concept in Connecticut in 1839. [9]  The success led to imitations, and, in 1843, Jacob Denman used the term “institute” for the first time for a two-week session in Ithaca, New York.  Town was one of his three instructors. [10]  Two years later, Town led the first institute in Ohio. [11]  Two years after that, in 1847, eleven Ohio counties held institutes, including Delaware County. [12]

Normal schools emerged as the preferred form of state school for training teachers.  The first was organized in Concord, Vermont, in 1823, and the second in 1839 in Lexington, Massachusetts. [13]  Despite their utility, states were slow to organize them.  In Ohio, Robert Overman said opposition came from private schools and from politicians who did not want the state involved in education. [14]  By 1900, only thirty-five of the forty-four states had public institutions. [15]

One commercial group who began sponsoring institutes was textbook publishers.  Luther Whiting Mason began a National Summer School of Music in 1884 in Lexington, Massachusetts. [16]  He had developed his pedagogical approach when he was in Germany in 1870.  His books used German melodies [17] with appropriate poems.  Most of the lyrics dealt with nature or religion. [18]

Mason’s school expanded to Chicago in 1903, and was taken over by his publisher, Ginn.  Silver, Burdette began its own American Institute of Normal Methods at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, in 1889. [19]  The original locations were rail hubs.  The move to a resort followed the development of Methodist educational retreats like Ocean Grove in New Jersey (1869) [20] and Chautauqua in New York (1875).

In 1920, a young man or woman still could cobble together enough of an education from institutes and normal-school short courses to become certified without earning a college degree.  The posts for 25 October 2020 and 24 January 2021 describe the efforts of Claire Lovejoy and Harry Kroll to become teachers in the South.

In the North, Augustus Zanzig was teaching music in New York’s Ethical Culture School in 1915 [21].  When he was born in 1891, [22] his father was a cigar dealer living in Manhattan; by 1910 he was working for the city water department. [23]  Zanzig never wrote a biographical sketch.  Thus, I have no information on where he learned to play piano and learned the rudiments of music.  In 1910, when he was nineteen, he was one of sixteen “non-matriculated students” taking classes in Columbia College’s School of Music. [24]

The Ethical Culture School had begun in 1878 as a free kindergarten for poor children.  By 1900, it had evolved into a private school for the well-to-do. [25]  While he was teaching there, Zanzig spent the summers of 1914 and 1915 taking classes at the University of Wisconsin. [26]  Apart from the reputation of Peter Dykema, [27] he may have gone to Madison through some family connection.  His paternal grandparents had migrated from Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1854 and settled in New York. [28]  However, 76% of the Zanzigs who emigrated landed in Wisconsin. [29]

Louis Lynn noted that institutes ingratiated themselves in Louisiana by holding evening “musical and literary entertainment” programs for their communities. [30]  Zanzig took a class in staging such community pageants when he was at Wisconsin, and played the role of Chief Winnebago in one. [31]  He, apparently, was taking classes at Teachers College, Columbia, in the winter of 1917 when he worked on a pageant dramatizing “American Ideals.”  This time, he improvised the piano music for the “Spirit of Humor.” [32]

The outbreak of World War I created new opportunities.  The Army had learned from sending troops to the Mexican border in 1916 that prostitutes and venereal disease soon followed. [33]  To avoid that problem with its war bases, it encouraged private groups to create entertainment venues near its camps.  The YMCA was the most active, but the Playground and Recreation Association of America also became involved. [34]  It had been organized by Luther Halsey Gulick in 1906, [35] and run its own institutes to train recreation leaders. [36]

Zanzig went to Camp Sherman in 1918. [37]  While he was in Chillicothe, Ohio, he married Bertha Elizabeth Hard. [38]  He was then twenty-seven years old.  He returned to the Ethical Culture School [39], and took more classes at Columbia in 1920 and 1921. [40]

Soon after, he spent a year teaching in a Rochester, New York, high school [41] before enrolling at Harvard as a “Sp” student in 1921. [42]  I think this means he was in a summer program.  While there, he must have come to the attention of Archibald Davison, who conducted the college’s glee club. [43]  He already had shown an ability to perform and play piano in earlier classes.  The next summer he joined Davison at the Concord Summer School of Music in Massachusetts.

Thomas Whitney Surette had begun the Concord institute in 1915 to propagate his ideas for teaching music in schools.  Soon his students were “requesting books to use in their own elementary music classes.” [44]  In 1922, Zanzig wrote the teacher’s guide [45] and collaborated with Surette and Davison on the collection for grades four to six. [46]  He later helped produce the collection for grades seven to nine. [47]

Surette’s music collections are similar to the ones produced by Mason.  The one for grade school features poems set to folk tunes, while the junior high collection includes longer pieces by European composers.  Katharine Davis wrote many of the lyrics, [48] while Zanzig arranged twelve of the melodies.

Despite the demonization of immigrants in World War I, most of the tunes in the two books are European.  The largest numbers come from the United Kingdom (30%) [49] and Germany (29%).  Only 14 of the 391 I counted [50] are from the United States, and four of these are “Negro Spirituals.”

At this point, the young man who may or may not have had a college degree was set.  Like Varner Chance years later, [51] he earned a living by patching together income from a number of sources.  He was director of music for Brookline Public School [52] while teaching a half-credit course in methods at Harvard [53] and spending his summers in Concord.  In addition, at least in 1922, was working with Boston’s South End Music School settlement house. [54]

Graphics
Augustus D. Zanzig at Northland Recreation Laboratory.  In Bob Nolte.  Northland Recreation Lab: A History.  1984.  Copy provided by Heidi Ryan, 21 June 2016.

End Notes
More information on Zanzig appears in the posts for 21 January 2018, 19 September 2021, 26 September 2021, and 3 October 2021.

1.  John Blocher, Jr.  Email, 28 April 2016.  “Tommy introduced us to Kumbaya.  She and I assembled the Camp Song Book, Indianola Sings.”

2.  John Blocher, Jr.  Email, 30 June 2016, with comments from Good’s family.
3.  John Fark.  Email, 1 November 2020.
4.  Wikipedia.  “Land Ordinance of 1785.”

5.  Alston Ellis. “Ungraded Schools.”  80–105 in A History of Education in the State of Ohio.  Edited by Emerson E. White and Thomas W. Harvey.  Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1976.  86.

6.  Ellis.  96.

7.  Temple Rice Hollcroft.  A Brief History of Aurora, NY.  Revised by The Aurora Committee For The American Bicentennial.  Ovid, New York: W. E. Morrison and Company, 1976.

8.  Thomas W Harvey.  “Teachers’ Institutes.”  313–329 in White.  316–317.

9.  James W. Fraser.  Preparing America’s Teachers: A History.  New York: Teachers College Press, 2007.  61–62.

10.  J. Cayce Morrison.  “Professional Leadership through the Teachers’ Conferences.”  New York State Education, September 1927.  Reprinted by The Virginia Teacher, October 1927.

11.  Harvey.  316.
12.  Harvey.  317.  Lynn Rohrbough lived in Delaware, Ohio.
13.  Wikipedia.  “Normal School.”

14.  James Robert Overman.  The History of Bowling Green State University.  Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Press, 1967.  8.

15.  Christine A. Ogren.  The American State Normal School.  New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.  2.

16.  Edward Bailey Birge.  History of Public School Music in the United States.  Washington, DC: Music Educators National Conference, 1939 edition.  134.

17.  Of the 148 songs in the Second Music Reader, 14% are German and 29% are anonymous. [55]  The third reader introduces harmony and its 55 songs are longer; 23% are German and 72% are anonymous. [56]

18.  Of the 148 songs in the Second Music Reader, 25% deal with nature and 10% are religious. [55]  Of the 55 songs in the third reader, 44% deal with nature and 36% are religious. [56]

19.  Birge.  134.
20.  Ocean Grove is discussed in the post for 17 January 2021.
21.  University of Wisconsin.  Bulletin 725, summer session 1915.  14.

22.  Barbara Zanzig.  “Augustus Delafield Zanzig.”  Zanzig, Zanzich and Related Names website, last updated 21 February 2021.

23.  Barbara Zanzig.  “Augustus Zanzig.”  Zanzig, Zanzich and Related Names website, last updated 21 February 2021.

24.  Columbia University.  Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Columbia College.  1910–1911.

25.  Wikipedia.  “Ethical Culture Fieldston School.”

26.  The Wisconsin Archeologist July 1914.  91.  Dykema’s class was in community festival work.

University of Wisconsin, 1915.

27.  Dykema is discussed in the post for 28 April 2018.

28.  Barbara Zanzig.  “August Zanzig.”  Zanzig, Zanzich and Related Names website, last updated 21 February 2021.

29.  “Where Is the Zanzig Family From?”  Ancestry website.
30.  Lynn.  5.

31. Wisconsin Archaeologist.  “Mr. Augustus D. Zanzig carried the role of Winnebago chief with great credit to himself.”

32.  Allan Abbot.  “A Pageant of National Ideals.”  Teachers College Record 18:261–286:1917.

33.  Richard F. Knapp and Charles E. Hartsoe.  Play for America: The National Recreation Association 1906–1965.  Arlington, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Association, 1979.  66.  It began as the Playground Association of America, but changed its name in 1911.  Today it is the National Recreation Association.

34.  Knapp.  67.

35.  Knapp.  30.  Luther Halsey Gulick was the child of Presbyterian missionaries to Hawaii.  He became an advocate of “muscular Christianity” after physical activities at the Sargeant School of Physical Training helped him handle his heart problems.  He worked for the YMCA from 1886 to 1900, when he left to work for public schools in New York City.  The Russel Sage Foundation hired him in 1908.  It was while he worked for them that he helped establish the Playground Association of America, and helped organize the Boy Scouts in 1910.  He and his wife, Charlotte Vetter Gulick, established the Camp Fire Girls as the female equivalent. [57]

36.  Knapp.  52.
37.  Item.  Music Educators Journal, January 1918.  3.
38.  Barbara Zanzig, Augustus Delafield Zanzig.
39.  Music Educators National Conference.  Yearbook 1920.  22.
40.  “Directory of Students.”  Columbia University.  Catalogue.  1920–1921.
41.  The Detroit Educational Bulletin.  1921 program.  19.
42.  Item.  Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 19 March 1925.  740.

43.  Archibald Thompson Davison earned a degree in music from Harvard in 1909, and in 1912 became the coach of the glee club, then an appendage of the Banjo and Mandolin Clubs. [58]  By 1915, when he helped edit Fifty Rote Songs, for Grades I, II and III, he was working with Surette at Concord. [59]  In 1920, the glee club became an independent organization.  In that position, he contributed “to the revival of choral singing, setting an example to the many college Glee Clubs that discarded their mandolins and took up Palestrina, Bach and Vaughn Williams.” [60]

44.  M. Potter.  “Finding Aid for Thomas Whitney Surette and Concord Summer School of Music Collection, 1846-1981.”  Concord Library Special Collections website, 2 December 2014.

45.  Augustus D. Zanzig.  The Concord Teachers’ Guide; A Manual for All Grades.  Boston: E. C. Schirmer Music Company, 1922.

46.  Archibald T. Davison, Thomas Whitney Surette, and Augustus D Zanzig.  A Book of Songs for Unison and Part Singing for Grades IV, V, and VI.  Boston: Schirmer Music Company, 1922.

47.  Archibald T. Davison, Thomas Whitney Surette, and Augustus D. Zanzig.  Concord Junior Song and Chorus Book.  Boston: E. C. Schirmer Music Company, 1927.

48.  Katherine Kennicott Davis wrote the words to 49 of 234 songs in the grade school book.  She graduated from Wellesley in 1914, and stayed to teach while studying at the New England Conservatory. [61]  She taught high school in Philadelphia, and spent her summers at the Concord Academy between 1921 and 1923. [62] That was when she must have contributed lyrics to the 1924 Concord book for grades 4–6.  Later, she studied in Paris, and became a serious composer.  Today, she is known for writing “The Little Drummer Boy” in 1941. [63]

49.  England 60%, Scotland 25%, Ireland 8%, Wales 7%.
50.  I did not include the rounds.

51.  As mentioned in the post for 21 March 2021, Varner Chance worked a number of jobs simultaneously, even though he had a master’s degree.

52.  Item.  Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 19 March 1925.  740.

53.  “SM14.  The Teaching of Music in Schools.”  Harvard University Official Register 19(8):48:1922.  “This course is accepted as a half-course for the degree of A.A. as well as for graduate degree.”

54.  Augustus D. Zanzig.  “Music Settlement Schools.”  Music Teachers National Association, Proceedings 62–66:1922.  63.

55.  Luther Whiting Mason.  Second Music Reader.  Boston: Ginn, Heath, and Company, 1870; 1882 edition.

56.  Luther Whiting Mason.  Third Music Reader.  Boston: Ginn, Heath, and Company, 1871; 1882 edition.

57.  “Luther Gulick.” Play and Playground Encyclopedia website.

58.  William A. Weber.  “Archibald T. Davison: Faith in Good Music.”  The Crimson, Harvard University, 17 February 1961.

59.  Thomas Whitney Surette and Archibald T Davison.  Fifty Rote Songs, for Grades I, II and III.  Boston: Boston Music Company, 1915.  [WorldCat entry.]

60.  Weber.
61.  Wikipedia.  “Katherine Kennicott Davis.”

62.  C. Michael Hawn.  “History of Hymns: ‘Let All Things Now Living’.”  The United Methodist Church Discipleship Ministries website, 20 November 2014.

63.  Wikipedia, Davis.